hotel law Essay

hotel law Essay hotel law Essay 0677806 HRT 244B Professor Frye Managing Insurance HomeworkDescribe the importance of mathematics and statistics to the insurance industry. Be sure to explain the roles that underwrites, agents, actuaries, premiums, and risk play in the insurance process. The use of mathematics and statistics is utilized in the insurance industry in order to be protected against financial risk. An insurance industry is built on the use of the following fundamental premises: underwrites, actuaries, agents, premiums, and risk play. First, underwrites must be faced by a large enough number of individuals or businesses so that statisticians can use actuary methods. Next, there are actuary methods; these methods are used to predict the average frequency of loss involved in the risk. An agent is the next big premise; agents are people authorized to act for or to represent another, usually referred to as a principal. Premiums are fees; they must be low enough to attract those who seek to be insured but high enough to support the number of losses that will be incurred by the insurer. Lastly, there is the premise of risk play; risk play is evaluating a situation for an insurance company, it makes sure the any risk is not occurring so frequently during any given period that the insurer cannot pay all legitimate claims. As discussed in the chapter, identify at least five types of insurance that would be needed by a nightclub or bar owner, and discuss the importance of each. Five main insurance types that would be needed by a nightclub owner or bar owner include the following: Property-Casualty insurance, Liability insurance, Employee Liability insurance, Dram Shop insurance, and Health/Dental/Vision insurance. First, they would need Property-Casualty insurance, this insurance is important because it is used to protect a business against property damages. Next, there is Liability insurance, this insurance is important because a business will want to protect themselves against injuries to other people resulting from the operation of their own facilities. It is also important for a business of this kind to have Employee Liability insurance. This insurance is important because, as an owner or manager, you wish to supplement your general liability coverage with additional coverage for any harmful acts your employees may commit in the course of their employment. Next, a business will want to have Dram Shop insurance because it is a liquor liability. Thi s insurance provided establishments that sell alcohol with coverage for bodily injury or property damage that may result from any or all of the following acts: causing or contributing to intoxication of a person, serving alcoholic beverages to a person under the legal drinking age, serving to an intoxicated person, and violating any statute, ordinance, or regulation relating to sale, gift, distribution, or use of alcoholic beverages. Lastly, a business of this type should have Health/Dental/Vision insurance. This insurance allows the manager to retain and maintain a quality workforce. Assess the pros and cons of self-insurance in the area of Workers’ Compensation. There are both pros and cons to self-insurance in the area of Workers’ Compensation. First there are a few pros; primarily, it is beneficial that compensation policies provide payments to workers or their families in the event of an employee’s injury. Also, lump-sums can be made to those who have been partially or permanently disabled. In addition, if a worker is killed while on the job, payments may be made to the worker’s family. Then there are cons to this type of insurance; primarily, injured employees are not allowed to sue employers for damages beyond those awarded by workers’ compensation. Also, an injured employee must be examined by a specific doctor, not their own. Lastly, in some cases where another employee or third party has caused a worker injury, or when the employee challenges the legality of a worker’s

Horned and Frilled Ceratopsian Dinosaurs

Horned and Frilled Ceratopsian Dinosaurs Among the most distinctive of all dinosaurs, ceratopsians (Greek for horned faces) are also the most easily identified - even an eight-year-old can tell, just by looking, that Triceratops was closely related to Pentaceratops, and that both were close cousins of Chasmosaurus and Styracosaurus. However, this extensive family of horned, frilled dinosaurs has its own subtleties, and includes some genera you might not have expected. (See a gallery of horned, frilled dinosaur pictures and profiles and a slideshow of famous horned dinosaurs that werent Triceratops.) Although the usual exceptions and qualifications apply, especially among early members of the breed, paleontologists broadly define ceratopsians as herbivorous, four-legged, elephant-like dinosaurs whose enormous heads sported elaborate horns and frills. The famous ceratopsians listed above lived exclusively in North America during the late Cretaceous period; in fact, ceratopsians may be the most All-American of dinosaurs, though some genera did hail from Eurasia and the earliest members of the breed originated in eastern Asia. Early Ceratopsians As stated above, the first horned, frilled dinosaurs werent confined to North America; numerous specimens have also been discovered in Asia (most notably the area in and around Mongolia). Previously, as far as paleontologists could tell, the earliest true ceratopsian was believed to be the relatively small Psittacosaurus, which lived in Asia from 120 to 100 million years ago. Psittacosaurus didnt look much like Triceratops, but close examination of this dinosaurs small, parrot-like skull reveals some distinctively ceratopsian traits. Recently, however, a new contender has come to light: the three-foot-long Chaoyangsaurus, which dates to the late Jurassic period (as with Psittacosaurus, Chaoyangsaurus has been pegged as a ceratopsian mostly because of the structure of its horny beak); another early genus is the 160-million-year-old Yinlong. Because they lacked horns and frills, Psittacosaurus and these other dinosaurs are sometimes classified as protoceratopsians, along with Leptoceratops, the oddly named Yamaceratops and Zuniceratops, and, of course, Protoceratops, which roamed the plains of Cretaceous central Asia in vast herds and was a favorite prey animal of raptors and tyrannosaurs (one Protoceratops fossil has been discovered locked in combat with a fossilized Velociraptor). Confusingly, some of these protoceratopsians coexisted with true ceratopsians, and researchers have yet to determine the exact genus of early Cretaceous protoceratopsian from which all later horned, frilled dinosaurs evolved. The Ceratopsians of the Later Mesozoic Era Fortunately, the story gets easier to follow once we reach the more famous ceratopsians of the late Cretaceous period. Not only did all these dinosaurs inhabit roughly the same territory at roughly the same time, but they all looked unnervingly alike, save for the differing arrangements of the horns and frills on their heads. For example, Torosaurus possessed two big horns, Triceratops three; Chasmosaurus frill was rectangular in shape, while Styracosaurus looked more like a triangle. (Some paleontologists claim that Torosaurus was actually a growth stage of Triceratops, an issue that has yet to be conclusively settled.) Why did these dinosaurs sport such elaborate head displays? As with many such anatomical features in the animal kingdom, they probably served a dual (or triple) purpose: horns could be used to fend off ravenous predators as well as to intimidate fellow males in the herd for mating rights, and frills could make a ceratopsian look bigger in the eyes of a hungry Tyrannosaurus Rex, as well as attract the opposite sex and (possibly) dissipate or collect heat. A recent study concludes that the main factor driving the evolution of horns and frills in ceratopsians was the need for members of the same herd to recognize each other! Paleontologists divide the horned, frilled dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous period into two families. Chasmosaurine ceratopsians, typified by Chasmosaurus, had relatively long brow horns and large frills, while centrosaurine ceratopsians, typified by Centrosaurus, possessed shorter brow horns and smaller frills, often with large, ornate spines projecting from the top. However, these distinctions shouldnt be taken as set in stone, since new ceratopsians are constantly being discovered across the expanse of North Americain fact, more certaopsians have been discovered in the U.S. than any other type of dinosaur. Ceratopsian Family Life Paleontologists often have a hard time distinguishing male from female dinosaurs, and they sometimes cant even conclusively identify juveniles (which may have been either the children of one genus of dinosaur or the full-grown adults of another). Ceratopsians, though, are one of the few families of dinosaurs in which the males and females can usually be told apart. The trick is that, as a rule, male ceratopsians had bigger frills and horns, while those of females were slightly (or sometimes significantly) smaller. Oddly enough, the hatchlings of different genera of horned, frilled dinosaurs seem to have been born with pretty much identical skulls, only developing their distinctive horns and frills as they grew into adolescence and adulthood. In this way, ceratopsians were very similar to pachycephalosaurs (bone-headed dinosaurs), the skulls of which also changed shape as they aged. As you can imagine, this has led to a fair amount of confusion; an unwary paleontologist may assign two grossly different ceratopsian skulls to two different genera, when they were actually left by differently aged individuals of the same species.